Clinical and Economic Impact of COVID-19 on Agricultural Workers, Guatemala1.

We evaluated clinical and socioeconomic burdens of respiratory disease in banana farm workers in Guatemala. We offered all eligible workers enrollment during June 15-December 30, 2020, and annually, then tracked them for influenza-like illnesses (ILI) through self-reporting to study nurses, sentinel surveillance at health posts, and absenteeism. Workers who had ILI submitted nasopharyngeal swab specimens for testing for influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and SARS-CoV-2, then completed surveys at days 0, 7, and 28. Through October 10, 2021, a total of 1,833 workers reported 169 ILIs (12.0 cases/100 person-years), and 43 (25.4%) were laboratory-confirmed infections with SARS-CoV-2 (3.1 cases/100 person-years). Workers who had SARS-CoV-2‒positive ILIs reported more frequent anosmia, dysgeusia, difficulty concentrating, and irritability and worse clinical and well-being severity scores than workers who had test result‒negative ILIs. Workers who had positive results also had greater absenteeism and lost income. These results support prioritization of farm workers in Guatemala for COVID-19 vaccination.

Clinical and Economic Impact of COVID-19 on Plantation Workers: Preliminary Results from the Guatemala Agricultural Workers and Respiratory Illness Impact (AGRI) Study.

We evaluated the clinical and socioeconomic burdens of respiratory disease in a cohort of Guatemalan banana plantation workers. All eligible workers were offered enrollment from June 15-December 30, 2020, and annually, then followed for influenza-like illnesses (ILI) through: 1) self-reporting to study nurses, 2) sentinel surveillance at health posts, and 3) absenteeism. Workers with ILI submitted nasopharyngeal swabs for influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 testing, then completed surveys at days 0, 7, and 28. Through October 10, 2021, 1,833 workers developed 169 ILIs (12.0/100 person-years) and 43 (25.4%) of these ILIs were laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 (3.1/100 person-years). Workers with SARS-CoV-2-positive ILI reported more anosmia (p<0.01), dysgeusia (p<0.01), difficulty concentrating (p=0.01), and irritability (p=0.01), and greater clinical and well-being severity scores (Flu-iiQ) than test-negative ILIs; they also had greater absenteeism (p<0.01) and lost income (median US$127.1, p<0.01). These results support the prioritization of Guatemalan farm workers for COVID-19 vaccination.

Peritoneal Dialysis in Adult Patients with Permanent Suprapubic Catheter: A Single-Center Experience and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this paper was to review the feasibility of peritoneal dialysis (PD) in the presence of a permanent suprapubic catheter over a long follow-up period. METHODS: Twelve patients with automated PD and permanent suprapubic catheters were studied for complications over a period of 10 years. RESULTS: In all 12 patients, PD went smoothly. Two of our patients required removal of the PD catheter due to peritonitis. The overall rate of exit-site infection throughout the study was 41.7/patient-month and the difference between patients 60 years or older and those 25 years or younger was not significant (p = 0.3673). The overall peritonitis rate for all patients was 38.3 episode/patient-month, and none of the patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) had peritonitis. All patients with episodes of infection responded well to the proper antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: The available data supported the feasibility of PD in patients with permanent suprapubic catheters; however, a greater number of patients with a longer follow-up period need to be studied to support our results.

The effects of intrauterine malnutrition on birth and fertility outcomes: evidence from the 1974 Bangladesh famine.

This article uses the Bangladesh famine of 1974 as a natural experiment to estimate the impact of intrauterine malnutrition on sex of the child and infant mortality. In addition, we estimate the impact of malnutrition on post-famine pregnancy outcomes. Using the 1996 Matlab Health and Socioeconomic Survey (MHSS), we find that women who were pregnant during the famine were less likely to have male children. Moreover, children who were in utero during the most severe period of the Bangladesh famine were 32 % more likely to die within one month of birth compared with their siblings who were not in utero during the famine. Finally, we estimate the impacts of the famine on subsequent pregnancy outcomes. Controlling for pre-famine fertility, we find that women who were pregnant during the famine experienced a higher number of stillbirths in the post-famine years. This increase appears to be driven by an excess number of male stillbirths.

Long-acting erythropoietin stimulating agents for persistent anemia after kidney transplant: risk factors and outcome.

OBJECTIVES: Posttransplant anemia is associated with an increased risk of congestive heart failure, left ventricular hypertrophy, and death. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of long-acting erythropoietin-stimulating agents on anemia after kidney transplant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 2306 kidney transplant recipients, 250 anemic patients (11%) with stable graft function were followed at the Hamed Al-Essa Organ Transplant Centre (Kuwait) and were assessed for anemia. We enrolled 120 patients into this open-label study in 2 groups: group 1 had treatment with darbepoetin alfa (86 patients) and group 2 had continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (34 patients). RESULTS: Patient age correlated negatively with serum iron level. Serum ferritin correlated negatively with hemoglobin level 6 months after transplant but not at time of transplant. Most patients were women who received their grafts from male donors. The 2 groups were comparable in frequency of rejection and mean hemoglobin and serum albumin levels at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after transplant. There was no difference between the 2 groups in renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate); posttransplant complications such as new-onset diabetes after transplant, hypertension, serious bacterial infections, or patient and graft outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Anemia is an important problem after kidney transplant, and iron use is suboptimal in kidney transplant recipients. Darbepoetin alfa and continuous erythropoietin receptor activator had comparable positive results.

Couples' Time Together: Complementarities in Production versus Complementarities in Consumption.

Economists have previously suggested that gains from marriage can be generated by complementarities in production (gains from specialization and exchange) or by complementarities in consumption (gains from joint consumption of household public goods and joint time consumption). This paper uses the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) from 2003-2011 to test whether couples that engage in less specialization (are more similar in hours of market work) spend more time together. We find that among married couples without young children, those with a greater difference in weekly hours of work between husband and wife spend less time together on non-working weekend days. Importantly, we find that this relationship is quite symmetric between couples in which the husband works greater hours and couples in which the wife works greater hours. We do not find evidence of a relationship between specialization and couple time together among couples with young children.

Who Marries Differently Aged Spouses? Ability, Education, Occupation, Earnings, and Appearance.

In direct contrast to conventional wisdom and most economic models of marital age gaps, we present robust evidence that men and women who are married to differently-aged spouses are negatively selected. Empirical results show lower cognitive ability, lower educational attainment, lower occupational wages, lower earnings, and less attractive appearance among those married to a differently-aged spouse. These results, obtained using samples of first marriages and controlling for age of marriage, are consistent with a model in which individuals with more schooling and more upwardly-mobile occupations interact more heavily with similarly-aged peers and are ultimately more likely to marry similarly-aged spouses.

Clinical outcomes of isolated lower extremity or foot burns in diabetic versus non-diabetic patients: a 10-year retrospective analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the United States is expected to increase from 8 per 1000 in 2008 to 15 per 1000 by 2050 [20]. As a result, DM patients will constitute a large proportion of Burn Center admissions, with burns typically due to contact burn or scalding. Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) and peripheral neuropathy (PN) are far more common in DM patients, particularly in those with poorly controlled disease, and are often associated with worse outcomes than non-diabetic (nDM) burn patients. This study sought to analyze whether the outcome of isolated leg and foot burns among DM and nDM individuals differed significantly. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective data on 207 consecutive patients (>18 years old) admitted to a Burn Center with isolated leg or foot burns between 1999 and 2009 was collected and analyzed for this study. Age, gender, ethnicity, total body surface area (TBSA), degree of burn, etiology, hospital and burn intensive care unit (ICU), length of stay (LOS), and status at discharge were reviewed. Patients were grouped as diabetic (DM) or non-diabetic (nDM). Differences were analyzed using either the Student's t-test or Chi-square. RESULTS: 43 DM and 164 nDM patients with isolated lower extremity or foot burns were treated during the study period (1999-2009). The mean age of DM and nDM patients was 54.6 and 43.7 years, respectively (p<0.001). The most common burn etiology was scalding, flame, or contact burn. Percentage of total body surface area (TBSA) burn in DM patients averaged±standard deviation 1.8±1.3% compared to 1.8±1.6% in nDM (p<0.9). Among DM patients, 86% (N=37) of patients suffered third degree burns and 14% (N=6) of patients had second degree burns compared to 76% (N=125) of patients and 24% (N=39) of patients among nDM patients, respectively (p<0.16). The DM group had significantly higher burn ICU admission rates, 16.3% of patients versus 8.5% of patients (p<0.001), total length of hospital stay (mean±standard deviation), 14.1±10 versus 9.8±9.3 days (p<0.01) and renal failure, 4.7% of patients versus 0.6% of patients (p<0.05) compared to the nDM group. 93% of DM patients were discharged to home without further medical attention while 4.7% of patients underwent further treatment. In comparison, 85.4% of the nDM patients were discharged home with no further treatment while 8.5% of patients received home care (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: DM patients who suffer isolated burns to the feet or lower extremities have poorer clinical outcomes and more complicated and protracted hospital courses when compared to nDM patients with similar burns. Although diabetics in the current study did not experience larger or more severe burns than nDM patients, they were nearly twice as likely to be admitted to the ICU, spent an average of four days longer in the hospital, and had a higher likelihood of developing renal failure compared to nDM patients.